Numbers and Figures

Higher education expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units in the higher education sector. The higher education sector includes all universities, universities of applied sciences and other institutions providing formal tertiary education programmes, whatever their source of finance or legal status, and all research institutes, research centres, experimental stations and clinics that have their R&D activities under the direct control of, or are administered by, tertiary education institutions.

Government expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units belonging to the government sector. The government sector includes all units of central, regional or local government (i.e. federal, state, local government), with the exception of those units that provide higher education services, as well as all non-market, non-profit institutions controlled by government units which are not part of the higher education sector.

Business enterprise expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units belonging to the business enterprise sector. The business enterprise sector includes all resident corporations, legally unincorporated branches of non-resident enterprises, and all resident non-profit institutions that are market producers of goods or services or serve businesses. This sector comprises both private and public enterprises.

The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. R&D personnel can be divided into three categories: researchers, technicians and other supporting staff. Full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on R&D during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.

The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The higher education sector includes all universities, universities of applied sciences and other institutions providing formal tertiary education programmes, whatever their source of finance or legal status, and all research institutes, research centres, experimental stations and clinics that have their R&D activities under the direct control of, or are administered by, tertiary education institutions.

The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The government sector comprises all units of central, regional or local government (i.e. federal, state, local government), with the exception of those units that provide higher education services, as well as all non-market, non-profit institutions controlled by government units which are not part of the higher education sector.

The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The business enterprise sector includes all resident corporations, legally unincorporated branches of non-resident enterprises, and all resident non-profit institutions that are market producers of goods or services or serve businesses. This sector comprises both private and public enterprises.

The indicator includes patent applications at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (national applications and DPMA-PCT national phase). Allocation according to Länder is made by the applicant’s registered office. The German Patent and Trade Mark Office publishes these figures annually.

The indicator Doctorates covers all completed doctoral proceedings at German universities in one year. The German Federal Statistical Office publishes these figures annually.

Start-up rate is the number of start-up businesses in one year as a percentage of the average number of companies in the same year. R&D intensive industry comprises of high-value technologies and cutting-edge technologies.

Start-up rate is the number of start-up businesses in one year as a percentage of the average number of companies in the same year. Knowledge-intensive services typically includes sectors such as IT/telecommunication, technical/R&D-services and management consultancy/marketing.

Total number of inhabitants of a given area.

The gross domestic product is the value of the domestic output of an economy in a given period.

The gross domestic product is the value of the domestic output of an economy in a given period.

Cutting-edge technologies comprise of high-technology manufacturing industry and high-technology knowledge-intensive services.